Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.1 It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people.
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History
- See also: History of poison
Mathieu Orfila is considered to be the modern father of toxicology, having given the subject its first formal treatment in 1813 in his Traité des poisons, also called Toxicologie générale.2
Theophrastus Phillipus Auroleus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493 - 1541) (also referred to as Paracelsus, from his belief that his studies were above or beyond the work of Celsus - the Roman physician from the first century) is also considered "the father" of toxicology.3 He is credited with the classic toxicology maxim, "Alle Dinge sind Gift und nichts ist ohne Gift; allein die Dosis macht, dass ein Ding kein Gift ist." which translates as, "All things are poison and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not a poison." This is often condensed to: "The dose makes the poison".
An even earlier writer on toxicology was Ibn Wahshiya, who wrote the Book on Poisons in the 9th or 10th century.4
Relationship between dose and toxicity
Toxicology is the study of the relationship between dose and its effects on the exposed organism. The chief criterion regarding the toxicity of a chemical is the dose, i.e. the amount of exposure to the substance. Almost all substances are toxic under the right conditions as Paracelsus, the father of modern toxicology said, Sola dosis facit venenum (only dose makes the poison). Paracelsus, who lived in the 16th century, was the first person to explain the dose-response relationship of toxic substances. The term LD50 refers to the dose of a toxic substance that kills 50 percent of a test population (typically rats or other surrogates when the test concerns human toxicity). LD50 estimations in animals are no longer required for regulatory submissions as a part of pre-clinical development package.citation needed
Toxicity of metabolites
Many substances regarded as poisons are toxic only indirectly. An example is "wood alcohol," or methanol, which is chemically converted to formaldehyde and formic acid in the liver. It is the formaldehyde and formic acid that cause the toxic effects of methanol exposure. Many drug molecules are made toxic in the liver, a good example being acetaminophen (paracetamol), especially in the presence of alcohol. The genetic variability of certain liver enzymes makes the toxicity of many compounds differ between one individual and the next. Because demands placed on one liver enzyme can induce activity in another, many molecules become toxic only in combination with others. A family of activities that engages many toxicologists includes identifying which liver enzymes convert a molecule into a poison, what are the toxic products of the conversion and under what conditions and in which individuals this conversion takes place.
Chemical toxicology
Chemical toxicology is a scientific discipline involving the study of structure and mechanism related to the toxic effects of chemical agents, and encompasses technology advances in research related to chemical aspects of toxicology. Research in this area is strongly multidisciplinary, spanning computational chemistry and synthetic chemistry, proteomics and metabolomics, drug discovery, drug metabolism and mechanisms of action, bioinformatics, bioanalytical chemistry, chemical biology, and molecular epidemiology. The molecular profiling approaches towards Toxicology are also referred to as Toxicogenomics5
See also
- Aquatic toxicology
- Certain safety factor
- Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study (CHEERS) (in the US)
- Ecotoxicology
- Entomotoxicology
- Environmental toxicology
- Enzyme inhibition
- In vitro toxicology
- Indicative limit value
- Important publications in toxicology
- Pollution
- Toxicity
- Toxicogenomics
Footnotes
- ^ "What is Toxicology" -Schrager, TF, October 4, 2006
- ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine, Biography of Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–1853)
- ^ Paracelsus Dose Response in the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology WILLIAM C KRIEGER / Academic Press Oct01
- ^ Martin Levey (1966), Medieval Arabic Toxicology: The Book on Poisons of ibn Wahshiya and its Relation to Early Indian and Greek Texts
- ^ Toxicogenomics: Principles and Applications; Ed.: H. K. Hamadeh and C. A. Afshari; Hoboken, NJ:Wiley-Liss, 2004. 361 pp. ISBN: 0-471-43417-5 [1]
References
- Richards IS. 2008. Principles and Practice of Toxicology in Public Health. Jones and Bartlett Publisher, Sudbury Massachusetts.
- Amdur MO, Doull J, Klaassen, CD. 1993. Cassarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
- Gilbert SG. A Small Dose of Toxicology – The Health Effects of Common Chemicals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, February 2004, p 266.
- Hodgeson E, Levi PE. 1987. A Textbook of Modern Toxicology. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc.
- Critical Reviews in Toxicology, A peer-reviewed academic research journal covering all aspects of toxicology, edited by Dr. Roger O. McClellan.
- Xu E, Perlina A, Vu H, Troth SP, Brennan RJ, Aslamkhan AG, and Xu Q "Integrated Pathway Analysis of Rat Urine Metabolic Profiles and Kidney Transcriptomic Profiles To Elucidate the Systems Toxicology of Model Nephrotoxicants"Chem Res Toxicol. 2008 Jul 26 [2]
External links
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- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
- American College of Medical Toxicology
- European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals
- Department of Health and Human Services National Toxicology Program (NTP)
- American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC)
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