Timeline of Mary Wollstonecraft

This timeline lists important events relevant to the life of Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797), a British writer, philosopher, and feminist.

Wollstonecraft lived during the second half of the eighteenth century, a time of great political and social upheaval throughout Europe and America: political reform movements in Britain gained strength, the American colonists successfully rebelled, and the French revolution erupted. Wollstonecraft experienced only the headiest of these days, not living to see the end of the democratic revolution when Napoleon crowned himself emperor. Although Britain was still revelling in its mid-century imperial conquests and its triumph in the Seven Years' War, it was the French revolution that defined Wollstonecraft's generation. As poet Robert Southey later wrote: "few persons but those who have lived in it can conceive or comprehend what the memory of the French Revolution was, nor what a visionary world seemed to open upon those who were just entering it. Old things seemed passing away, and nothing was dreamt of but the regeneration of the human race."1

Part of what made reform possible in Britain in the second half of the eighteenth century was the dramatic increase in publishing; books, periodicals, and pamphlets became much more widely available than they had been just a few decades earlier.2 This increase in available printed material helped facilitate the rise of the British middle class. Reacting against what they viewed as aristocratic decadence, the new professional middle classes (made prosperous through British manufacturing and trade), offered their own ethical code: reason, meritocracy, self-reliance, religious toleration, free inquiry, free enterprise, and hard work.3 They set these values against what they perceived as the superstition and unreason of the poor and the prejudices, censorship, and self-indulgence of the rich. They also helped establish what has come to be called the "cult of domesticity", which solidified gender roles for men and women.4 This new vision of society rested on the writings of Scottish Enlightenment philosophers such as Adam Smith, who had developed a theory of social progress founded on sympathy and sensibility. A partial critique of the rationalist Enlightenment, these theories promoted a combination of reason and feeling that enabled women to enter the public sphere because of their keen moral sense.5 Wollstonecraft's writings stand at the nexus of all of these changes. Her educational works, such as her children's book Original Stories from Real Life (1788), helped inculcate middle-class values, and her two Vindications, A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), argue for the value of an educated, rational populace, specifically one that includes women. In her two novels, Mary: A Fiction and Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman, she explores the ramifications of sensibility for women.

The end of the eighteenth century was a time of great hope for progressive reformers such as Wollstonecraft. Like the revolutionary pamphleteer Thomas Paine and others, Wollstonecraft was not content to remain on the sidelines. She sought out intellectual debate at the home of her publisher Joseph Johnson, who gathered leading thinkers and artists for weekly dinners,6 and she traveled extensively, first to be a part of the French revolution and later to seek a lost treasure ship for her lover in what was then exotic Scandinavia, turning her journey into a travel book, Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. After two complicated and heart-rending affairs with the artist Henry Fuseli and the American adventurer Gilbert Imlay (with whom she had an illegitimate daughter, Fanny Imlay), Wollstonecraft married the philosopher William Godwin, one of the forefathers of the anarchist movement.7 Together they had one daughter, Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein. Wollstonecraft died at the age of thirty-eight due to complications from this birth, leaving behind several unfinished manuscripts.8 Today, she is most often remembered for her political treatise A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and is considered a foundational feminist philosopher.9

Contents

Timeline

1750s

Year Wollstonecraft Literature History
1756
  • Marriage of Edward John Wollstonecraft (born 1736) and Elizabeth Dickson (born c. 1740) (Wollstonecraft's parents)10
  • 3 March – Birth of William Godwin, philosopher and future husband of Mary Wollstonecraft, in Wisbech, Cambridgeshire1112
1757
  • Birth of Edward (Ned) Wollstonecraft (brother to Mary)10
1759

1760s

Year Wollstonecraft Literature History
1760
1761
  • Birth of Henry Woodstock Wollstonecraft (brother to Mary)10
1762
1763
  • Birth of Elizabeth (Eliza) Wollstonecraft (sister to Mary)10
  • The Wollstonecraft family moves to Epping Forest17
1765
  • Birth of Everina (Averina) Wollstonecraft (sister to Mary)10
  • The Wollstonecraft family moves to Barking17
1766
1768
  • Birth of James Wollstonecraft (brother to Mary)10
  • October – The Wollstonecraft family moves to Beverley, Yorkshire1718
  • Wollstonecraft meets Jane Arden, her first intimate friend17
1769

1770s

Year Wollstonecraft Literature History
1770
  • Birth of Charles Wollstonecraft (brother to Mary)10
1771
1772
1773
1774
  • The Wollstonecraft family moves to Hoxton15
  • Wollstonecraft meets Mr. and Mrs. Clare, who provide a second home for her and educate her15
  • Through the Clares, Wollstonecraft first meets Fanny Blood, for whom she will develop deep feelings15
1775
1776
  • The Wollstonecraft family moves to Laugharne, Wales15
1777
1778
  • Wollstonecraft's first job – paid companion to Mrs. Sarah Dawson in Windsor and Bath10
1779

1780s

Year Wollstonecraft Literature History
1780
  • Wollstonecraft's parents and younger siblings move to Enfield17
1781
  • Autumn – Wollstonecraft returns home to nurse her sick mother1519
  • 19 October – Americans defeat the British at the Battle of Yorktown, effectively ending the American Revolution14
1782
  • 19 April – Wollstonecraft's mother dies10
  • Wollstonecraft's father remarries and moves to Wales15
  • Wollstonecraft moves to Walham Green to live with Fanny Blood and her family15
  • 20 October – Eliza, Wollstonecraft's sister, marries Meredith Bishop1520
1783
1784
  • At the instigation of Wollstonecraft, Eliza leaves her husband and child (who dies later in the year)15
  • Wollstonecraft's school moved from Islington to Newington Green; Eliza, Everina, and Fanny help teach15
  • Wollstonecraft becomes friends with the minister Richard Price (pictured)15
  • Wollstonecraft meets author Samuel Johnson15
1785
  • February – Fanny Blood marries Hugh Skeys in Lisbon10
  • Wollstonecraft travels to Lisbon10
  • November – Fanny gives birth to a child and dies shortly thereafter10
  • December – Wollstonecraft returns to London10
1786
1787
1788
1789
  • Publication of Wollstonecraft's anthology, The Female Reader, by Johnson (published under the pseudonym of Mr. Cresswick)15
  • Wollstonecraft becomes romantically involved with the artist and writer Henry Fuseli17

1790s

Year Wollstonecraft Literature History
1790
  • Publication of Wollstonecraft's translation of Maria Geertruida van de Werken de Cambon's Young Grandison by Johnson10
  • Publication of Wollstonecraft's translation of Christian Gotthilf Salzmann's Elements of Morality, for the Use of Children, illustrated by William Blake, by Johnson10
  • 29 November – Publication of the first edition Wollstonecraft's treatise A Vindication of the Rights of Men by Johnson (anonymous)15
  • 18 December – Publication of the second edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Men, with Wollstonecraft's name on the title page, by Johnson (pictured)15
  • Wollstonecraft temporarily adopts Ann, a seven-year-old relative of Hugh Skeys (Fanny Blood's husband)10
1791
1792
1793
  • Wollstonecraft meets and falls in love with American adventurer Gilbert Imlay in France10
  • Wollstonecraft registers as Imlay's wife at the United States embassy in France for protection during the Reign of Terror10
  • June – Wollstonecraft moves from Paris to Neuilly to escape the revolutionary violence15
  • September – Wollstonecraft, now pregnant, returns to Paris15
1794
  • January – Wollstonecraft moves to Le Havre, France15
  • 14 May – Birth of Wollstonecraft and Imaly's daughter, Fanny Imlay, in Le Havre10
  • Imlay returns to England, leaving Wollstonecraft and their daughter alone15
  • December – Publication of Wollstonecraft's An Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution in London15
1795
  • April – Wollstonecraft returns to London to join Imlay and learns of his infidelity15
  • May – Wollstonecraft's first suicide attempt; she is saved by Imlay15
  • June–September – Wollstonecraft journeys to Scandinavia on business for Imlay10
  • October – Wollstonecraft's second suicide attempt; she jumps off of Putney Bridge into the River Thames and is saved by strangers15
1796
1797
  • John Opie paints Wollstonecraft's portrait (at right)15
  • 29 March – Wollstonecraft and Godwin marry; they lose friends because it is revealed that Wollstonecraft was never married to Imlay15
  • 30 August – Birth of Wollstonecraft and Godwin's daughter, Mary Shelley, future author of Frankenstein10
  • 10 September – Death of Mary Wollstonecraft from complications in childbirth10
1798

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Southey, Robert. The Correspondence of Robert Southey with Caroline Bowles, ed. Edward Dowden. Norton Anthology of English Literature: Norton Topics Online. Retrieved on 27 August 2007.
  2. ^ Kelly, Gary. English Fiction of the Romantic Period, 1789–1830. London: Longman (1989), 2.
  3. ^ Kelly, 10.
  4. ^ Kelly, 10-11.
  5. ^ Kelly, 13.
  6. ^ Todd, Janet. Mary Wollstonecraft: A Revolutionary Life. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2000), 152-53
  7. ^ Todd, 417ff.
  8. ^ Todd, 452ff.
  9. ^ Kaplan, Cora. "Mary Wollstonecraft’s reception and legacies". The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft. Ed. Claudia L. Johnson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2002).
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am "Mary Wollstonecraft: A Brief Chronology". The Vindications: The Rights of Men and The Rights of Woman. Eds. D. L. Macdonald and Kathleen Sherf. Peterborough: Broadview Press (1997).
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Lynch, Jack. Eighteenth–century Chronology. Retrieved on 5 August 2007.
  12. ^ "William Godwin: A Brief Chronology". Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Eds. Pamela Clemit and Gina Luria Walker. Peterborough: Broadview Press (2001).
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Timeline". The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century. 7th ed. New York: W. W. Norton and Co. (2000).
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa BBC British History Timeline. Retrieved on 5 August 2007.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at "Mary Wollstonecraft: A Brief Chronology". The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft. Ed. Claudia L. Johnson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2002).
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Mandell, Laura and Alan Liu. Romantic Chronology. Retrieved on 5 August 2007.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Taylor, Barbara. "Chronology". Mary Wollstonecraft and the Feminist Imagination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2003).
  18. ^ Todd, 8.
  19. ^ Todd, 39.
  20. ^ Todd, 43.
  21. ^ Balloons (1700–1900). ALLSTAR. Retrieved on 6 August 2007.
  22. ^ Todd, 79.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Kelly, Gary. "Chronology". English Fiction of the Romantic Period, 1789–1830. London: Longman (1989).
  24. ^ Declaration of the Rights of Man. Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Retrieved on 6 August 2007.
  25. ^ Todd, 155.
  26. ^ Todd, 266a.
  27. ^ "French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars". Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved 6 August 2007.


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