13th Century (1201-1300) (597 AH – 700 AH)

• 1202: Death of the Ghurid Sultan Ghias ud Din; accession of Mahmud of Ghurid.
• 1204: Shahab ud Din Ghuri defeated by the Ghuzz Turks.
• 1206: Death of Shahab ud Din Ghuri. Qutb ud Din Aibik crowned king in Lahore.
• 1210: Assassination of the Ghurid Sultan Mahmud, accession of Sam. Death of Qutb ud Din Aibak, accession of Aram Shah in India.
• 1211: End of the Ghurid rule, their territories annexed by the Khawarzam Shahs. In India Aram Shah overthrown by Iltutmish.
• 1212: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in Spain, end of the Almohad rule in Spain. The Almohads suffer defeat by the Christians in Spain at the Las Navas de Tolosa. The Almohad Sultan Muhammad an-Nasir escapes to Morocco.
• 1213 Almohad Sultan Muhammad an-Nasir's death. Accession of his son Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph.
• 1216: The Marinids under their leader Abdul Haq occupy north eastern part of Morocco. The Almohad suffer defeat by the Marinids at the Battle of Nakur.
• 1217: The Marinids suffer defeat in the battle fought on the banks of the Sibu river. Abdul Haq is killed and the Marinids evacuate Morocco.
• 1218: Death of the Ayyubid ruler Al-Adil I, accession of Al-Kamil. The Marinids return to Morocco under their leader Othman and occupy Fez.
• 1220: Death of the Khwarezmid Shah Muhammad II of Khwarezm, accession of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu.
• 1222: Death of the Zengid ruler Nasir ud Din Mahmud, power captured by Badr ud Din Lulu.
• 1223: Death of the Almohad ruler Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph, accession of Abdul-Wahid I, Almohad Caliph. In Spain a brother of Yusuf II, Almohad Caliph declares his independence and assumes the title of Al Adil (Abdallah, Almohad Caliph). In Spain Abu Muhammad of Spain overthrows Al Adil. Al Adil escapes to Morocco and overthrows Abdul-Wahid I, Almohad Caliph.
• 1224: Death of the Almohad ruler Abd al-Wahid I, accession of Abdallah, Almohad Caliph.
• 1225: Death of the Abbasid Caliph An-Nasir, accession of Az-Zahir.
• 1227: Assassination of the Almohad ruler Abdullah Adil, accession of his son, Yahya.
• 1229: Death of the Almohad ruler Yahya, accession of Idris I. The Ayyubid Al-Kamil restores Jerusalem to the Christians. Abu Muhammad of Spain dies in Spain and is succeeded by Al Mamun of Spain. Al Mamun invades Morocco with Christian help. Yahya is defeated and power is captured by Al Mamun. He denies the Mahdiship of Ibn Tumarat.
• 1230: End of the Khwarezmid Empire.
• 1232: Death of the Almohad ruler Idris I, accession, of Abdul Wahid II. Assassination of Al Mamun of Spain; accession of his son Ar-Rashid of Spain.
• 1234: Death of the Ayyubid ruler Al-Kamil, accession of Al-Adil II.
• 1236: Death of Delhi Sultan Altamash. Accession of Rukn ud din Firuz.
• 1237: Accession of Razia Sultan as Delhi Sultan.
• 1240: Death of Ar-Rashid of Spain; accession of his son Abu Said of Spain.
• 1241: Death of Razia Sultan, accession of Muiz ud din Bahram.
• 1242: Death of Muiz ud din Bahram, accession of Ala ud din Masud as Delhi Sultan. Death of the Almohad ruler Abdul Wahid, accession of Ali, Almohad Caliph. Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustansir, accession of Al-Musta'sim.
• 1244: The Almohad defeat the Marinids at the battle of Abu Bayash. The Marinids evacuate Morocco.
• 1245: The Muslims reconquer Jerusalem.
• 1246: Death of the Delhi Sultan Ala ud din Masud, accession of Nasir ud din Mahmud.
• 1248: Death of the Almohad ruler Ali, Almohad Caliph, accession of Umar, Almohad Caliph. Abu Said (??) attacks Tlemsen (??), but is ambushed and killed; accession of his son Murtada.
• 1250: The Marinids return to Morocco, and occupy a greatar part thereof.
• 1258: Battle of Baghdad (1258) - The Mongols sack Baghdad. Death of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta'sim. End of the Abbasid rule. The Mongols under Hulagu Khan establish their rule in Iran and Iraq with the capital at Maragah (???). Berek Khan the Muslim chief of the Golden Horde protests against the treatment meted out to the Abbasid Caliph and withdraws his contingent from Baghdad.
• 1259: Abu Abdullah the Hafsid ruler declares himself as the Caliph and assumes the name of Al Mustansir.
• 1260: Battle of Ayn Jalut in Syria. The Mongols are defeated by the Mamluks of Egypt, and the spell of the invincibility of the Mongols is broken. Baibars becomes the Mamluk Sultan.
• 1262: Death of Bahauddin Zikriya in Multan who is credited with the introduction of the Suhrawardiyya Sufi order in the IndoPakistan sub-continent.
• 1265: Death of Hulagu Khan. Death of Fariduddin Ganjshakar the Chishti saint of the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent.
• 1266: Death of Berke Khan, the first ruler of the Golden Horde to be converted to Islam. The eighth crusade: the crusaders invade Tunisia; failure of the crusade.
• 1267: Malik ul Salih establishes the first Muslim state of Samudra Pasai in Indonesia. Umar, Almohad Caliph seeks the help of the Christians, and the Spaniards invade Morocco. The Marinids drive away the Spaniards from Morocco. Assassination of Umar, Almohad Caliph; accession of Idris II, Almohad Caliph.
• 1269: Idris II, Almohad Caliph is overthrown by the Marinids, End of the Almohad. The Marinids come to power in Morocco under Abu Yaqub.
• 1270: Death of Mansa Wali the founder of the Muslim rule in Mali.
• 1272: Death of Muhammad I of Granada the founder of the state of Granada. Yaghmurason invades Morocco but meets a reverse at the battle
• 1273: Death of Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi.
• 1274: Death of Nasir al-Din Tusi. The Marinids wrest Sijilmasa from the Zayenids. Ninth crusade under Edward I of England. The crusade ends in fiasco and Edward returns to England.
• 1277: Death of Baibars.
• 1280: Battle of Hims.
• 1283: Death of Yaghmurasan. Accession of his son Othman.
• 1285: Tunisis splits in Tunis and Bougie.
• 1286: Death of Ghiasuddin Balban. Death of Abu Yusuf Yaqub. Bughra Khan declares his independence in Bengal under the name of Nasiruddin.
• 1290: End of the slave dynasty in India Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji comes into power. Othman embarks on a career of conquest and, by 1290, most of the Central Maghreb is conquered by the Zayanids.
• 1291: Death of Iranian poet Saadi.
• 1296: Mongol ruler Ghazan Khan converted to Islam.
• 1299: Mongols invade Syria. The Marinids besiege Tlemsen the capital of the Zayanids. By the end of this century, global Muslim population had grown to 7 per cent of the total.

See also

Timeline of Muslim history

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