Statistical population

In statistics, a statistical population is a set of entities concerning which statistical inferences are to be drawn, often based on a random sample taken from the population. For example, if we were interested in generalizations about crows, then we would describe the set of crows that is of interest. Notice that if we choose a population like all crows, we will be limited to observing crows that exist now or will exist in the future. Probably, geography will also constitute a limitation in that our resources for studying crows are also limited.

Population is also used to refer to a set of potential measurements or values, including not only cases actually observed but those that are potentially observable. Suppose, for example, we are interested in the set of all adult crows now alive in the county of Cambridgeshire, and we want to know the mean weight of these birds. For each bird in the population of crows there is a weight, and the set of these weights is called the population of weights.

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Statistical Terms Made Simple

Statistics

Design of experiments

Population • Sampling • Stratified sampling • Replication • Blocking

Sample size estimation

Null hypothesis • Alternative hypothesis • Type I and Type II errors • Statistical power • Effect size

Descriptive statistics

Continuous data

Location	Mean (Arithmetic, Geometric, Harmonic) • Median • Mode

Dispersion	Range • Standard deviation • Coefficient of variation • Percentile

Moments	Variance • Semivariance • Skewness • Kurtosis

Categorical data

Frequency • Contingency table

Inferential statistics

Bayesian inference • Frequentist inference • Hypothesis testing • Significance • P-value • Interval estimation • Confidence interval • Meta-analysis

General estimation

Bayesian estimator • Maximum likelihood • Method of moments • Minimum distance • Maximum spacing

Specific tests

Z-test(normal) • Student's t-test • Chi-square test • F-test

Survival analysis

Survival function • Kaplan-Meier • Logrank test • Failure rate • Proportional hazards models

Correlation

Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient • Rank correlation (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient) • Confounding variable

Linear models

General linear model • Generalized linear model • Analysis of variance • Analysis of covariance

Regression analysis

Linear regression • Nonlinear regression • Logistic regression

Statistical graphics

Bar chart • Biplot • Box plot • Control chart • Forest plot • Histogram • Q-Q plot • Run chart • Scatterplot • Stemplot

History

History of statistics • Founders of statistics • Timeline of probability and statistics

Publications

Journals in statistics • Important publications

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